Neopopulism – Seite 2

In diesem Beitrag werde ich die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Städtepartnerschaften, Städtediplomatie, Koalitionen von Gemeinden und zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure als mögliche Lösungen für den globalen Aufstieg von Populismus und Neopopulismus diskutieren. Ich werde mich auf den Fall der türkisch-bosnischen (bosniakischen) Städte- und Gemeindepartnerschaften konzentrieren, die im gesamten Text als „Geschwisterstädte“ bezeichnet werden: Diese Metapher wird dem türkischen Begriff 'kardeş şehir', dem bosnischen Begriff 'pobratimlja' und der asymmetrischen, hierarchischen Beziehung dieser Arrangements besser gerecht. Diese neueren Formen von Städte- und Gemeindepartnerschaften weichen von vielen anderen, bekannten Beispielen ab – vor allem, weil sie von autoritären, rechten und neopopulistischen Akteuren dominiert werden.

Whether free iftar meals, collective circumcision ceremonies for Balkan boys by Turkish circumcisers (sünnet şölenleri), renovations and constructions of mosques, hammams, fountains, public squares, bridges or similar activities: Turkish public diplomats' activities are disproportionally often religiously embellished. Yet, these activities are not pursued solely for altruistic reasons or for „their ‘magical value’, which Mauss saw was 'still present in sadaqa’“, as some authors have interpreted other forms of gift exchange under Islamic auspices. The gift, as Mauss had it, involves and demands reciprocity. In the case of Turkish-Bosnian cross-border neo-populism, a „mixed economy“ is at play between AKP-governed, Turkish municipalities and their Bosnian counterparts: spiritual categories are distinctively present – while they are blended and traded together with the „hard currencies“ of the capitalist market of public opinions. This means that the gifted („the invested“, „the helped ones“) are expected to deliver, in return, to their donor with consent and supportive public opinions.

The stress of the Ottoman past in the official Turkish actors' cultural initiatives is the reason why their activities have been classified cultural diplomacy from the very beginning of their visibility in the Balkans. The year 2009, when the first branch of the Yunus-Emre-Cultural Centers opened its doors in the Bosnian capital Sarajevo, can be seen as a first significant benchmark. However, Turkish culture and cultural diplomacy are not only promoted in direct and subtle ways by offical representatives of the Turkish state: from the point of view of soft power – which according to Joseph Nye needs to work subtly in order to be successful – the popularity of Turkish TV-series was (and still is) of enormous relevance. Especially the latter aspect implies that an understanding of the appeal of “Turkish culture” in the Balkans cannot solely be explained by studying the ruling regime's activities: much broader strata of the involved societies (e.g. TV consumers/prosumers in Bosnia and Turkey) and their various discoursive contexts are, as informal actors, involved in the process of cultural diplomacy.

Schlagwort: Neopopulism

[Öffentliche Diplomatie] Mit Städtediplomatie gegen den Neopopulismus? (Teil 1/8)

[Public Diplomacy] The role of ‚Renommiergeld‘ in a culturally annotated economy (Part 7/8)

[Public Diplomacy] Turkish-Bosnian sibling cities and a semantic problem with ‚populism'(Part 2/8)